Trends, seasonality and the association between outpatient antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance among urinary bacteria in the Netherlands

To determine trends, seasonality and the association between community antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in urinary tract infections.

We found a relatively low use of antibiotics and resistance levels over a 9 year period. Although the correlations were weak, variations in antibiotic use for these four antibiotics were associated with subsequent variations in AMR in urinary pathogens.